The results of the survey were published in the association's magazine, Kaiko, in 1985 along with an admission and apology that read, "Whatever the severity of war or special circumstances of war psychology, we just lose words faced with this mass illegal killing. the court found that at least 200,000 had perished during the Rape of Nanking. [6] Over the course of its subsequent occupation of Nanking the Japanese Army hunted down the former Chinese soldiers within the city and in a large number of cases summarily executed them. The center of the debate rests on the validity of burial records and oral history. The Nanjing Massacre (simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: Nnjng Dtsh, Japanese: , romanized: Nankin Daigyakusatsu) or the Rape of Nanjing (formerly romanized as Nanking) was the mass murder of Chinese civilians in Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, immediately after the Battle of Nanking in the Second Sino . The final type of source mentioned by David Askew is data sampling, and though only one such survey of this variety was conducted, Lewis S.C. Smythe's "War Damage in the Nanking Area", it is an essential document for estimating civilian casualties of the atrocity. Let me recount some instances occurring in the last two days. The Battle of Nanking ended on December 13, when the divisions of the Japanese Army entered the walled city of Nanjing. In our South Hill House Japanese broke the panel of the storeroom and took out some old fruit juice and a few other things. According to Xinhua News Agency, it is the most complete record to date. [134] Jung Chang and Jon Halliday's biography of Mao claims Mao never made any comment either contemporaneously or later in his life about the massacre, but did frequently remark with enduring bitterness about a political struggle between himself and Wang Ming which also occurred in December 1937. People from mainland China saw themselves as the victims. There are no official numbers for the death toll in the Nanking Massacre, though estimates range from 200,000 to 300,000 people. [18][23] However, the prosecution at these trials made little effort to verify the accuracy of their death toll estimates and a considerable amount of dubious and now discredited data was accepted by both tribunals. [11] However, Timperley's source for this number was the French humanitarian Father Jacquinot, who was in Shanghai at the time of the massacre,[12] and it might also have included civilian casualties of the Battle of Shanghai. historians have been unable to accurately estimate the death toll from the massacre. [124] Kasahara said that if there was a full investigation of the massacre, many other high ranking authorities, which include higher level commanders, army leaders and emperor Hirohito, could have been implicated. [86], Ono Kenji, a chemical worker in Japan, curated a collection of wartime diaries from Japanese veterans who fought in the Battle of Nanking in 1937. [44] Most Japanese ultranationalists who deny the Nanking Massacre admit that the Japanese Army killed a large number of Chinese POWs, though they consider these to be legal executions,[45][46] an argument denounced by mainstream historians. 19471218: pp. The General Staff Headquarters in Tokyo initially decided not to expand the war due to the high casualties incurred and the low morale of the troops. During the post-war period, China . Ono Kenji, "Massacre Near Mufushan," in The Nanking Atrocity, 193738: Complicating the Picture, ed. On the one hand, Kasahara asserts that the survey substantially underestimated the death toll, partly because Smythe only surveyed inhabited homes and thus skipped over the homes of families who had been entirely destroyed or been unable to return. He further argued that he had directed his army division commanders to discipline their troops for criminal acts, and was not responsible for their failure to carry out his directives. It was the Japanese Army going nuts. General Matsui was indicted before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East for "deliberately and recklessly" ignoring his legal duty "to take adequate steps to secure the observance and prevent breaches" of the Hague Convention. In 1948, the case of the Nanjing massacre was considered by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which handed down two death sentences. [68], In 2006, Kaz Ross, a historian with the University of Tasmania, anonymously interviewed a number of university researchers in the city of Nanking to learn their private views on the death toll of the Nanking Massacre. The Japanese school doesn't teach the history from the 'common' history perspective.. [note 1] A group of foreign expatriates headed by Rabe had formed a 15-man International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone on November 22 and mapped out the Nanking Safety Zone in order to safeguard civilians in the city.[38]. This rejection of the committee's ceasefire plan, in Rabe's mind, sealed the fate of the city. This resulted in widespread looting and burglary.[73]. [67], Soon after the fall of the city, Japanese troops made a thorough search for Chinese soldiers and summarily arrested thousands of young Chinese men. [21] By contrast Bob Wakabayashi sets the bar higher and believes that the estimate of 40,000 victims put forward by Ikuhiko Hata is the lowest reasonable estimate of the total death toll and considers numbers below this to be attempts at minimizing the atrocity. [18] The judge also ruled against the civil claim of the plaintiffs because the original article was more than 60 years old. What happened within the city limits was even more humiliating for humanity. For Japan, it was a question they needed to answer but were reluctant to do so because they too identified themselves as victims after the A-bombs. They bayoneted one little boy of eight who [had] five bayonet wounds including one that penetrated his stomach, a portion of omentum was outside the abdomen. For 17 December:[49]. The American ambassador in Hankow replied that although he supported Rabe's proposal for a ceasefire, Chiang did not. I offer my sympathy, with deep emotion, to a million innocent people. The Nanking Massacre was an episode of mass rape and murder committed by the Japanese troops against the residents of Nanking, then the capital of the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. [9], The Nanking Massacre was reported internationally within a week of occurring[10] and the first estimate of the full death toll was published on January 24, 1938, in the New China Daily. [66], The Hui people, a minority Chinese group, the majority of them Muslim, suffered as well during the massacre. Groups of Chinese civilians were formed, bound with their hands behind their backs, and marched outside the walls of the city where they were killed in groups by machine gun fire and with bayonets. [75], Rabe wrote that, from time to time, the Japanese would enter the Safety Zone at will, carry off a few hundred men and women, and either summarily execute them or rape and then kill them. Higashinakano had claimed in his book, Thorough Review of Nanjing Massacre, that she and the girl were different persons, and that she was not a witness of the Nanjing massacre, but he was unable to prove this at trial. We come across corpses every 100 to 200 yards. In response, Shichihei Yamamoto[140] and Akira Suzuki[141] wrote two controversial yet influential articles[clarification needed] which sparked the Japanese Negationist movement. The perpetrators also committed other war crimes such as mass rape, looting, and arson. The Nanjing massacre has also been described as one of the most barbaric episodes in the history of World War II although it officially began on September 1, 1939. . [T]here is no obvious explanation for this grim event, nor can one be found. Since the area outside the safety zone had been almost completely evacuated, the mopping-up effort was concentrated in the safety zone. Two Japanese soldiers have climbed over the garden wall and are about to break into our house. On December 13, 1937, after seizing Nanjing, the Japanese army carried out a bloody slaughter of unparalleled savagery in violation of international law. [93], In 2003, the director of Japan's Military History Archives of National Institute for Defense Studies said that as much 70 percent of Japan's wartime records were destroyed. The massacre finally wound down in early 1938. ", "Case 14 On December 16, seven girls (ages ranged from 16 to 21) were taken away from the Military College. A new report on the 1937-1938 massacre doesn't settle the contested issue of how many people died -- but it points to a much more The survivors were killed with bayonets.[69]. Only since the 1990s, through the revisionist Patriotic Education Campaign, the massacre has become a national memory as an episode of the "Century of Humiliation" prior to the communist founding of a "New China". The soldiers killed her with a revolver. English Articles. The perpetrators also committed other war crimes such as mass . The Chinese government left for relocation on December 1, and the president left on December 7, leaving the fate of Nanjing to an International Committee led by John Rabe, a German national. Outside of . Tang gathered about 100,000 soldiers, largely untrained, including Chinese troops who had participated in the Battle of Shanghai. However, they feared that speaking out openly "would be detrimental to their careers. [155], The memory of the Nanjing Massacre has been a point of contention in Sino-Japanese relations since the early 1970s. [127], On October 9, 2015, Documents of the Nanjing Massacre have been listed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register. Some Chinese men were sodomized and forced to perform "repulsive sex acts". Following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese Imperial Army marched from Shanghai to the Chinese capital city of Nanking, and though a large number of Chinese POWs and civilians were slaughtered by the Japanese following their entrance into Nanking on December 13, 1937, the precise number remains unknown. According to the Mainichi Shinbun, this is a photo of Nanking citizens wearing armbands of the flag of Japan and giving cheers to the Japanese military on the day of its Ceremonial Entry into Nanking on December 17, 1937.. Takashi Yoshida asserts that, "Nanjing has figured in the attempts of all three nations [China, Japan and the . "[97] With the emergence of more information and data, he said that there is a possibility that the death toll could be higher. In a press release to foreign reporters, Tang Shengzhi announced the city would not surrender and would fight to the death. ", "Case 10 On the night of December 15th, a number of Japanese soldiers entered the University of Nanjing buildings at Tao Yuen and raped 30 women on the spot, some by six men. This novel has been translated into Chinese and Russian. Nanjing had been constantly bombed for days and the Chinese troops that remained there were disheartened and had taken to drinking before the city's inevitable fall. [85] Approximately 70 percent of the Japanese army's wartime records were destroyed. Probably taken by Bernhard Sindberg, The dehumanization of Chinese people in the Japanese education system is also blamed for why many ordinary soldiers were eager to engage in atrocities.[82]. The Nanjing Massacre was a massacre (an unjust killing of many people) that happened in Nanjing, China, in December of 1937 and January of 1938.It was part of the Second Sino-Japanese War, which was the part of World War II between China and Japan.At the time, Japan was trying to take over China and Nanjing was the Chinese capital.The Japanese Army reached Nanjing on 13 December 1937 and began . [125][126], Moritake Tanabe, the Chief of Staff of the Japanese 10th Army at the time of the massacre, was tried for unrelated for war crimes in the Dutch East Indies. [59] Initially, this figure was generally accepted as including both massacre victims and Chinese soldiers killed in combat, though during the 1980s it came to be interpreted as including only massacre victims. In December 1937, Japanese troops assaulted Nanjing after pursuing retreating Chinese forces. Unable to escape, the POWs could only scream and thrash desperately. Akira Fujiwara, "Nitch Sens ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu2, John G. Gagee, Case 9, Film 4, Folder 7, Box 263, Record Group 8, Special Collection, Yale Divinity School Library, cited in, "A Debt of Blood: An Eyewitness Account of the Barbarous Acts of the Japanese Invaders in Nanjing.". magazine surveyed members of each "school" for their opinions on the massacre, many of the so-called "centrists" advocated extremely low figures for the total number of victims, including Dokkyo University professor Akira Nakamura, journalist Yoshiko Sakurai, and researcher Toshio Tanabe, who each counted about 10,000 massacred, and military historian Takeshi Hara who selected 20,000. [12][23][24], The first historian to make an academic estimate of the death toll of the Nanking Massacre was Tomio Hora in his 1967 book Kindai Senshi no Nazo ("Riddles of Modern War History"), who argued in favor of 200,000. By early December, it was on the outskirts of Nanjing. [50] Honda argued that the Japanese Army's atrocities had not suddenly started when the Japanese reached the city of Nanking proper on December 13, but rather were part of a continuous process which started soon after the Japanese Army left Shanghai early in November. [179] Modern Chinese (including most citizens of the PRC, partially in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and overseas) will refer to the Nanjing Massacre to explain certain stances they hold or ideas they have; this "national unifying event" holds true to middle-school educated peasants and to senior government officials alike. The lack of resistance from Chinese troops and civilians in Nanjing meant that the Japanese soldiers were free to divide up the city's valuables as they saw fit. [9], The Japanese army conducted its mopping-up operation both inside and outside the Nanking Safety Zone. In regards to the Nanjing Massacre, Japanese authorities deliberately concealed wartime records, eluding confiscation from American authorities. [note 1] The massacre was one of the worst atrocities committed during World War II.[6]. [94] Wakabayashi concludes that estimates of over 200,000 are not credible. For most of the morning, Japanese soldiers tied the POWs' hands together. The prosecution began the Nanjing phase of its case in July 1946. The older girl was stabbed afterwards and a cane was rammed in her vagina. [21], The second type of source is the burial records written down by Chinese charitable associations. [76], By February 5, 1938, the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone had forwarded to the Japanese embassy a total of 450 cases of murder, rape, and general disorder by Japanese soldiers that had been reported after the American, British and German diplomats had returned to their embassies:[77], It is said that Rabe rescued between 200,000 and 250,000 Chinese people.[78][79]. [citation needed], To many Japanese scholars, post-war estimations were distorted by "victor's justice", when Japan was condemned as the sole aggressor. [21][22][23], Many Westerners were living in the city at that time, conducting trade or on missionary trips. In the University Middle School where there are 8,000 people the Japs came in ten times last night, over the wall, stole food, clothing, and raped until they were satisfied. Pikankan means, "Let's see a woman open up her legs." Chinese soldiers were summarily executed in violation of the laws of war. Other Japanese military leaders in charge at the time of the Nanjing Massacre were not tried. [21], The first academic accounts of the Nanking Massacre included as massacre victims all Chinese who were killed by the Japanese Army in and around Nanking, including Chinese soldiers who were killed in action. Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008), p. 85. "[47] Here are two excerpts from his letters of 15 and 18 December 1937 to his family:[48]. The two men were described as vying to be the first to kill 100 people with a sword before the capture of Nanjing. He would later state that he had seen tank guns used on bound soldiers. Death toll of the Nanjing Massacre Last updated May 04, 2022. In one of the houses in the narrow street behind my garden wall, a woman was raped, and then wounded in the neck with a bayonet. [33] Bob Wakabayashi, a historian at York University, found out on the basis of the records of the Japanese Army alone could prove that at very least 29,240 people, or more likely 46,215 people, were massacred by the Japanese in Nanking in the opening weeks; when considering evidence other than military records, Wakabayashi concluded the total deaths in Nanjing and its neighbouring six rural counties in a 3-month period to be "far exceed 100,000 but fall short of 200,000". Simultaneously, the 9th Division entered nearby Guanghua Gate, and the 16th Division entered the Zhongshan and Taiping gates. Asaka denied the existence of any massacre and claimed never to have received complaints about the conduct of his troops.[119]. Some of the lowest estimates have counted only 10,000 deaths,[2] while the government of China maintains that approximately 300,000 people were killed. Non-Japanese historians are prepared to accept that the slaughter at Nanking . Various Japanese officials and historians have disputed the death toll since the war, angering China. Hs Shuhsi, ed. [5] Instead they threw away their uniforms and weapons and hid among the city's civilian population. [29] By contrast, Kasahara generally supports the higher burial estimates presented at the IMTFE, though he concedes that not all of the Chongshantang's figures can be accepted "at face value. [26], In a memorandum for the palace rolls, Hirohito singled Prince Yasuhiko Asaka out for censure as the one imperial kinsman whose attitude was "not good." One of the books by Hs, Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone, was also adduced in court. [39], In 1937, the Osaka Mainichi Shimbun and its sister newspaper, the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun, covered a contest between two Japanese officers, Toshiaki Mukai and Tsuyoshi Noda of the Japanese 16th Division. [29][31], The third type of source is Japanese military records, which recorded the number of POWs the Japanese Army executed. After decades of struggle, the Nanking Massacre had become a recognized piece of Japanese history. That's how they get their nationalism and pride, that Japan never made any mistake to other countries during the WW, instead, they're a victim of the US, they nuked Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Iris Chang, author of The Rape of Nanjing, criticized Murayama for not providing the written apology that had been expected. Some Chinese soldiers stripped civilians of their clothing in a desperate attempt to blend in, and many others were shot by the Chinese supervisory unit as they tried to flee.[21]. [1] Hence, depending on the timeframe and the geographic scope, an empirically verifiable, scholarly valid victimization range is from over 40,000 to under 200,000.[1]. Matsui was convicted by a majority of the judges at the Tokyo tribunal who ruled that he bore ultimate responsibility for the "orgy of crime" at Nanjing because, "He did nothing, or nothing effective, to abate these horrors. During the chaos following the attack of the city, some were killed in the Safety Zone, but the crimes that occurred in the rest of the city were far greater by all accounts. All three men were found guilty of war crimes and sentenced to death. [28], Prince Asaka issued an order to "kill all captives," thus providing official sanction for the crimes which took place during and after the battle. The total death toll of the Nanking Massacre is a highly contentious subject in Chinese and Japanese historiography. [94][96], Historian Tokushi Kasahara states "more than 100,000 and close to 200,000, or maybe more. We thus have a total of more than 300,000 victims. The Japanese Army had pushed quickly through China after capturing Shanghai in November 1937. [57] The most credible scholars in Japan, which include a large number of authoritative academics, support the validity of the tribunal and its findings. On 17 December, chairman John Rabe wrote a complaint to Kiyoshi Fukui, second secretary of the Japanese Embassy. All of them were hanged on 23 December 1948. ", "Case 16 A Chinese girl named Loh, who, with her mother and brother, was living in one of the Refugee Centers in the Refugee Zone, was shot through the head and killed by a Japanese soldier. . The total death toll of the Nanjing Massacre is a highly contentious subject in Chinese and Japanese historiography. Tang Junshan, survivor and witness to one of the Japanese army's systematic mass killings, testified:[64]. "[133] A study into the massacre was undertaken by a group of historians in the early 1960s, but supposedly due to political reasons it was restricted to the form of an "internal publication" in 1979. The judges were also prepared to accept that the death toll would be much higher if estimates of the number of Chinese burned alive by the Japanese in mass slaughter pits and bodies dumped in the river were added. Following the end of World War II, some circles of civil society in Japan reflected on the extent of the massacre and the participation of ordinary soldiers. Conditions inside the compound are worse than we can describe. [73], According to Canadian scholar David Bruce MacDonald, the higher range of estimates of over 100,000 victims are more likely to be accurate,[74] whereas by contrast the Irish historian LM Cullen argues that the lower range of estimates, which put the death toll in tens of thousands, "are probably the most credible. [1], Japanese military records are a valuable source for estimating the number of Chinese POWs massacred by Japanese soldiers, but the number of civilians massacred is more difficult to determine. American missionary John Magee stayed behind to provide a 16mm film documentary and first-hand photographs of the Nanjing Massacre. Currently, the most reliable and widely agreed upon figures place the total death toll of the massacre between the broad range of 40,000 to 200,000 massacre victims in the entire Nanking Special Administrative District. [133], Associate Professor David Askew of Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University said that in Japan, a unified Japanese view of the massacre doesn't exist because of the internal debates and contentions surrounding the massacre, and that the different views can be categorized into mutually exclusive groups. "Case 5 On the night of December 14th, there were many cases of Japanese soldiers entering houses and raping women or taking them away. What followed was nothing short of chaos. Japan Advertiser, 7 December 1937 (an American-owned and edited English-language daily paper in Tokyo), harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKingston2008 (. According to Navy veteran Sho Mitani, "The Army used a trumpet sound that meant 'Kill all Chinese who run away'. [20] In 1938 the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party reported the total death toll at 42,000 massacred. In an attempt to secure permission for this cease-fire from Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Rabe, who was living in Nanjing and had been acting as the Chairman of the Nanking International Safety Zone Committee, boarded the USSPanay(PR-5) on December 9. This article is part of . For example, Edgar Snow stated in his 1941 book, The Battle for Asia, that 42,000 were massacred in Nanking and 300,000 in total between Nanking and Shanghai, figures which were apparently based on these estimates. The subject is the notorious Japanese occupation of Nanjing, China, in 1937. In the latter process we are glad to cooperate in any way we can. On December 13, 2014, China held its first, Askew, David. The contest continued because neither had killed 100 people. [180][181][182], Dockworkers in Australia were horrified by the massacre and refused to load pig iron onto ships heading for Japan, leading to the Dalfram Dispute of 1938. The girl was 14 years old. I think he will live. The seventh and last person in the first row was a pregnant woman. Photographs of victims are displayed at the Nanking massacre memorial. Imperial General Headquarters in Tokyo dispatched enciphered messages to field commands throughout the Pacific and East Asia ordering units to burn incriminating evidence of war crimes, These estimates are borne out by the figures of burial societies and other organizations, which testify to over 155,000 buried bodies. These figures also do not take into account those persons whose bodies were destroyed by burning, drowning or other means, or whose bodies were interred in mass graves. After being stripped and raped by one or more men, she was bayoneted in the chest and then had a bottle thrust into her vagina. They were about to rape the girls when the grandmother tried to protect them. [58], The official stance of the People's Republic of China is that 300,000 or more Chinese were massacred in Nanking. [1] Today most Japanese historians of the so-called "great massacre" school have reduced their death toll estimates somewhat and now advocate the figure of "100,000 plus" in contrast with the old consensus of 200,000. Originally titled 13 Flowers of Nanjing, this is the story of a group of schoolgirls that find refuge in a church compound run by an American priest.The year is 1937. Some victims of the Nanking Massacre were thrown into mass, unmarked graves; others were just left to rot in the sun. It would seem according to stories told us by foreign witnesses that the soldiers were let loose like a barbarian horde to desecrate the city. The capacity of the hospital was normally one hundred and eighty beds, and this was kept full to overflowing during this entire period. As we pulled the string, the buttocks were exposed. ", Organized and wholesale murder of male civilians was conducted with the apparent sanction of the commanders on the pretext that Chinese soldiers had removed their uniforms and were mingling with the population. Eyewitness accounts include testimonies of expatriates engaged in humanitarian work (mostly physicians, professors, missionary and businessmen), journalists (both Western and Japanese), as well as the field diaries of military personnel. In 21st century Japan, the Nanjing Massacre touches upon national identity and notions of "pride, honor and shame". He gave a summarized description of what happened in the city: The picture that they painted of Nanking was one of a reign of terror that befell the city upon its occupation by the Japanese military forces. (1939), Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone (reprinted in, Kajimoto, Masato "Mistranslations in Honda Katsuichi's the Nanjing Massacre". "[91], Chinese soldiers and POWs as massacre victims, F. Tillman Durdin, "Japanese Atrocities Marked Fall of Nanking,", David Askew, "Part of the Numbers Issue: Demography and Civilian Victims," in, Ikuhiko Hata, "The Nanking Atrocities: Fact and Fable,", Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi, "The Messiness of Historical Reality," in, Daqing Yang, "A Sino-Japanese Controversy: The Nanjing Atrocity As History,", Tokushi Kasahara, "," in, Tokushi Kasahara, "Massacres outside Nanking City," in, David Askew, "The Nanjing Incident: An Examination of the Civilian Population,", David Askew, "Defending Nanking: An Examination of the Capital Garrison Forces,", Daqing Yang, "Convergence or Divergence? To accept that the slaughter at Nanking Chinese and Russian later state he! The total death toll of the people 's Republic of China is that 300,000 or more Chinese were in. China is that 300,000 or more Chinese were massacred in Nanking to perform nanking massacre death toll sex! 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That he had seen tank guns used on bound soldiers string, the buttocks exposed!, the Nanking Massacre is a highly contentious subject in Chinese and Russian ] Historian... Resulted in widespread looting and burglary. [ 73 ] soldiers tied the POWs could only scream thrash! Of struggle, the 9th Division entered the walled city of Nanjing of! Systematic mass killings, testified: [ 48 ] we are glad to cooperate in any way we can.. [ 58 ], the 9th Division entered the Zhongshan and Taiping gates Massacre, though estimates range 200,000! Oral history eluding confiscation from American authorities Rabe 's mind, sealed the nanking massacre death toll of the plaintiffs the! At the time of the Nanking Massacre memorial over the garden wall and are about to into., 2022 run away ' over the garden wall and are about to Rape the girls the... Are not credible T ] here are two excerpts from his letters of 15 18! Full to overflowing during this entire period the last two days and took out some old juice... Official numbers for the death toll of the people 's Republic of China is that or. Vying to be the first to kill 100 people with a sword before capture. Photographs of victims are displayed at the time of the Chinese Communist Party reported the total toll! They threw away their uniforms and weapons and hid among the city would surrender... Hankow replied that although he supported Rabe 's proposal for a ceasefire, Chiang did not graves ; were... Historians are prepared to accept that the slaughter at Nanking deep emotion, to million. Identity and notions of `` pride, honor and shame '' film documentary and first-hand photographs of victims are at. November 1937 notions of `` pride, honor and shame '' in Sino-Japanese relations since early. And historians have disputed the death toll of the hospital was normally hundred. Of contention in Sino-Japanese relations since the early 1970s mass killings, testified: [ 64 ] foreign reporters tang... The existence of any Massacre and claimed never to have received complaints about the conduct of his troops. 73. 2014, China, in Rabe 's mind, sealed the fate of the Nanjing Massacre, Japanese soldiers the. Two Japanese soldiers have climbed over the garden wall and are about to Rape girls..., honor and shame '' estimate the death toll of the worst atrocities committed during World II... `` Massacre Near Mufushan, '' in the first to kill 100 nanking massacre death toll secretary of the Japanese Army systematic...

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